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man-made activities

Толкование Перевод

1 man-made activities

последствия, вызванные деятельностью человека

Англо-русский словарь по экологии > man-made activities
2 man-made activities

Экология: последствия, вызванные деятельностью человека

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > man-made activities
3 man-made activities

последствия, вызванные деятельностью человека

Англо-русский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > man-made activities
4 man-made activities

последствия, вызванные деятельностью человека

Англо-русский строительный словарь > man-made activities
5 man-made climate change
1. изменение климата как следствие деятельности человека
изменение климата как следствие деятельности человека
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

man-made climate change
Man-made climate changes may be due to the greenhouse effect and other human activities. A change in albedo of the land brought about by desertification and deforestation affects the amount of solar energy absorbed at the earth's surface. Man-made aerosols produced from the sulphur released from power stations can modify clouds. Changes in ozone levels in the stratosphere due to CFCs may influence climate. (Source: WRIGHT)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- man-made climate change
DE
- Klimaänderung (anthropogen)
FR
- changement climatique induit par l'action humaine
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > man-made climate change
6 activity

1) активность

2) деятельность

3) мн. ч. меры, деятельность, виды деятельности

•

- activity of cement
- activity unit - catalytic activity - communal activity - earliest finishing time of activity - earliest finish time of activity - earliest start time of activity - earliest starting time of activity - environmental activity - follow-up activity - foreign economic activity - functional activity - germicidal activity - human activity - human settlement activity - hydraulic activity - latest finish time of activity - latest finishing time of activity - latest start time of activity - latest starting time of activity - life activity - main field of activity - make-work activities - man-made activities - nature of activity - recreational activities - rural nonfarm activities - thermal activity
* * *

активность; деятельность; работа ( в сетевом планировании)
- activity of soil
- building activity
- construction activity
- electrochemical activity
- hydraulic activity
- maintenance activity
- pozzolanic activity of cement
- repair activity

Англо-русский строительный словарь > activity
7 industrial noise
индустриальная помеха
Электромагнитная помеха, создаваемая техническими средствами.
Примечание. К индустриальным помехам не относятся помехи, создаваемые излучениями выходных трактов радиопередатчиков.
[ ГОСТ 30372—95 ]

Тематики
- электромагнитная совместимость
Обобщающие термины
- электромагнитная помеха
EN
DE
- industrie Störung
FR
- brouillage industrielle
промышленный шум
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

industrial noise
Noise produced by industrial plants activities.
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- industrial noise
DE
- Industrielärm
FR
- bruit industriel
шум на промышленных предприятиях
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- industrial noise
шум от промышленных предприятий
(напр. аварийный выброс пара в атмосферу на ТЭЦ)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- industrial noise
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > industrial noise
8 make

I [meɪk]
nome

1) (brand) marca f.

what make is your car? — che (modello di) macchina hai?

2) (type of manufacture) produzione f., fabbricazione f.

••

to be on the make — colloq. (for profit) badare al proprio interesse; (for sex) essere a caccia
II 1. [meɪk]
verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. made)

1) (create) fare [dress, cake, stain, hole, will, pact, film, sketch, noise]

to make a rule — stabilire una regola

wine is made from grapes — il vino si fa con l'uva

to make sb. sth. — fare qcs. a qcn.

to be made for sb. — essere fatto per qcn.

to make the time for sth. — trovare il tempo per qcs.

what is it made (out) of? — di che cosa è fatto?

it's made (out) of gold — è (fatto) d'oro

let's see what he's made of — vediamo di che pasta è fatto

to be as clever as they make them — essere il più furbo possibile

God made man — Dio creò l'uomo

to make the bed — fare il letto

2) (cause to be or become)

to make sb. happy — fare felice qcn.

to make sb. jealous — fare ingelosire qcn.

to make sb. popular — rendere qcn. popolare

to make sb. hungry — fare venire fame a qcn.

to make oneself available — rendersi disponibile

to make oneself understood — farsi capire

to make sth. better, worse — migliorare, peggiorare qcs.

to make passing exams easier to make it easier to pass exams facilitare il superamento degli esami; to make it possible to do — rendere possibile fare

3) (cause to do)

to make sb. cry, smile — fare piangere, sorridere qcn.

it makes me look fat — mi fa (sembrare) grasso

to make sth. happen — fare in modo che succeda qcs.

to make the story end happily — fare finire bene una storia

to make sth. work — fare funzionare qcs.

it makes her voice sound funny — le fa la voce strana

4) (force)

to make sb. do — obbligare qcn. a fare

they made me (do it) — me l'hanno fatto fare

to be made to do — essere costretto a fare

to make sb. talk — fare parlare qcn

5) (turn into)

to make sb. a star — fare di qcn. una star

we made him treasurer — l'abbiamo fatto o nominato tesoriere

to make a monster of sb. — fare di qcn. un mostro

it'll make a man of you — scherz. questo farà di te un uomo

he'll never make a teacher — non sarà mai un buon insegnante

to make sth. sth. to make sth. of sth. fare qcs. di qcs.; to make a habit of sth. fare di qcs. un'abitudine; to make too much of it farne una questione di stato; that will make a good shelter — potrà essere un buon riparo

6) (amount to)

three and three make six — tre più tre fa sei

how much does that make? — quanto fa?

that makes ten pounds altogether — in tutto fa dieci sterline

7) (earn) guadagnare, prendere [ salary]

to make Ј 300 a week — prendere 300 sterline alla settimana

to make a living — guadagnarsi da vivere

to make a profit — trarre profitti

to make a loss — subire delle perdite

8) (reach) arrivare a, raggiungere [place, ranking, level]; fare [speed, distance]

to make the six o'clock train — riuscire a prendere il treno delle sei

to make the charts — entrare in classifica

to make the front page of — essere sulla prima pagina di [ newspaper]

9) (estimate, say)

what time do you make it? — che ora sarà?

I make it five o'clock — saranno più o meno le 5

what do you make the distance (to be)? — quanto credi che sia distante?

I make it about 3 km — secondo me sono più o meno tre km

let's make it five dollars — facciamo cinque dollari

can we make it a bit later? — possiamo fare un po' più tardi?

what do you make of it? — che ne dici?

I can't make anything of it — non ci capisco niente

10) (cause success of) garantire il successo di [holiday, day]

a good wine can make a dinner — un buon vino può fare il successo di una cena

it really makes the room — [feature, colour] è proprio ciò che rende la stanza perfetta

it really made my day — mi ha davvero reso felice

to make or break sb., sth. — fare la fortuna o essere la rovina di qcn., qcs

11) el. chiudere [ circuit]

12) gioc. mischiare [ cards]

to make a trick — (win) vincere una mano
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. made)

to make as if to do — fare (l')atto di fare

she made as if to kiss him — fece per baciarlo

- make after

- make do

- make for

- make good

- make into

- make off

- make out

- make over

- make towards

- make up

••

to make it — colloq. (in career, life) farcela; (be on time) farcela (ad arrivare) in tempo

I'm afraid I can't make it — (to party, meeting) ho paura che non ce la farò (a venire)

* * *
[meik] 1. past tense, past participle - made; verb
1) (to create, form or produce: God made the Earth; She makes all her own clothes; He made it out of paper; to make a muddle/mess of the job; to make lunch/coffee; We made an arrangement/agreement/deal/bargain.) fare, creare

2) (to compel, force or cause (a person or thing to do something): They made her do it; He made me laugh.) fare

3) (to cause to be: I made it clear; You've made me very unhappy.) rendere

4) (to gain or earn: He makes $100 a week; to make a profit.) guadagnare

5) ((of numbers etc) to add up to; to amount to: 2 and 2 make(s) 4.) fare

6) (to become, turn into, or be: He'll make an excellent teacher.) diventare, essere

7) (to estimate as: I make the total 483.) valutare

8) (to appoint, or choose, as: He was made manager.) nominare

9) (used with many nouns to give a similar meaning to that of the verb from which the noun is formed: He made several attempts (= attempted several times); They made a left turn (= turned left); He made (= offered) a suggestion/proposal; Have you any comments to make?) fare
2. noun
(a (usually manufacturer's) brand: What make is your new car?) marca

- maker
- making
- make-believe
- make-over
- makeshift
- make-up
- have the makings of
- in the making
- make a/one's bed
- make believe
- make do
- make for
- make it
- make it up
- make something of something
- make of something
- make something of
- make of
- make out
- make over
- make up
- make up for
- make up one's mind
- make up to
* * *
make /meɪk/
n.

1 [u] fabbricazione; produzione; fattura; confezione

2 marca; tipo; ( d'abito) forma, taglio: spare parts for all makes of car, pezzi di ricambio per auto di tutte le marche

3 [u] costituzione fisica (o morale); carattere; temperamento: a man of this make, un uomo di siffatto temperamento

4 (elettr.) chiusura d'un circuito: at make, nel momento in cui si chiude il circuito (o avviene il contatto)

5 ( slang USA) donna: She's an easy make, è una che ci sta

6 ( slang USA) informazioni su un criminale

● (elettr.) make contact, contatto in chiusura; contatto normalmente aperto □ (econ.) make-work activities, attività creatrici di (posti di) lavoro □ ( slang) to be on the make, essere intento a far quattrini (o a far carriera); essere in cerca di sesso □ ( slang USA) to put the make on sb., tentare un approccio con q.; provarci con q.
♦ (to) make /meɪk/
(pass. e p. p. made)

A v. t.

1 fare; creare; costruire; comporre; formare; confezionare; fabbricare; produrre; causare; rendere; nominare: to make tea [bread, wine], fare il tè [il pane, il vino]; DIALOGO → - At the museum- I'll make some sandwiches, faccio dei panini; What time do you make it?, che ora fai?; to make roads [bridges], costruire strade [ponti]; What is it made of?, di che cosa è fatto?; di che cosa è?; Two and two make four, due più due fa quattro; to make a noise, far rumore; to make a mistake, fare un errore (o uno sbaglio); They made him president, lo hanno fatto (o nominato) presidente

2 (causativo) fare; costringere; obbligare; indurre: Don't make me laugh!, non farmi ridere!; He made her cry, la fece piangere; This photograph makes you look older, questa fotografia ti fa (apparire) più vecchio; They made her resign ( o She was made to resign), la costrinsero a dimettersi

3 valutare; supporre; ritenere; credere: I make the distance about ten miles, suppongo che la distanza sia di circa dieci miglia

4 (spec. naut.) arrivare a, raggiungere; toccare: We made land at sunrise, abbiamo toccato terra (o siamo approdati a terra) all'alba

5 diventare; dimostrarsi; essere per (q.): I think he will make a good teacher, credo che diventerà un buon insegnante

6 avere, sentire, farsi ( un dubbio, uno scrupolo, ecc.)

7 fare la fortuna di: Fleet Street can make or break a politician, i giornali inglesi possono fare la fortuna o provocare la rovina di un uomo politico

8 guadagnare: to make money, fare soldi, guadagnare soldi; She makes €50,000 a year, guadagna €50 000 all'anno

9 fare (fig.); completare; rendere perfetto: It's the furniture that really makes a house, è il mobilio che fa una casa

10 farcela ad arrivare a: We made the airport in ten minutes, in dieci minuti siamo riusciti ad arrivare all'aeroporto

11 ( slang USA) capire

12 ( slang USA) identificare; riconoscere

13 (volg.) farsi ( una donna; volg.); avere rapporti sessuali con (q.)

B v. i.

(lett. o arc.) fare per; stare per; fare la mossa di: to make as if, far mostra di; fingere di; He made as if he were going to strike me, fece come per colpirmi

● to make an appointment with sb., prendere un appuntamento con q. □ to make approaches to sb., cercare di avvicinare q. □ to make st. available to sb., mettere qc. a disposizione di q. □ to make believe, fare finta, fingere □ to make the best of st., sfruttare al meglio qc. □ to make the best of a bad job (o of a bad bargain), fare buon viso a cattiva sorte □ to make bold, diventare audace; osare: I make bold to say that…, oso (o mi permetto di) dire che… □ to make or break = to make or mar ► sotto □ a make or break case, un caso di o la va o la spacca □ a make or break plan, un piano disperato; un progetto audacissimo □ to make a call, fare una (breve) visita; (telef.) fare una telefonata; (naut.) fare scalo □ to make the cards (o the pack), fare le carte; mescolare e dare le carte □ to make certain, assicurarsi; accertarsi: Make certain that the door is locked, assicurati che la porta sia chiusa a chiave! □ (elettr.) to make a circuit, chiudere un circuito □ to make it clear that…, mettere in chiaro (o chiarire) che… □ (elettr.) to make a contact, stabilire (o chiudere) un contatto □ to make a decision, prendere una decisione; decidere □ to make st. do (o to make do with st.), far bastare qc.; arrangiarsi con qc. □ to make do and mend, tirare avanti con quello che si ha ( con un abito vecchio, ecc.) □ (naut.) to make fast, ormeggiarsi; dar volta a ( un cavo) □ to make st. fast, assicurare (o legare) qc. □ to make a fool of oneself, rendersi ridicolo; fare una figuraccia □ to make friends with sb., fare amicizia con q. □ to make fun of sb., prendere in giro q. □ to make good, aver successo, fare fortuna; ( anche) tornare sulla retta via □ to make st. good, risarcire ( una perdita); recuperare ( il tempo perduto); mantenere ( una promessa); mettere in atto ( una minaccia); dimostrare la validità di ( un argomento, ecc.): to make good a promise, tener fede a una promessa □ to make good time, andare in fretta; (autom., aeron., naut.) viaggiare bene (o in orario) □ to make a habit of st., prendere l'abitudine di fare qc. □ to make headway, (naut.) fare abbrivio in avanti; (fig.) far progressi □ (fam.) to make it, farcela; riuscire; fare in tempo, arrivare in tempo; avere successo, sfondare (fig.): DIALOGO → - Parent-teacher meeting- Can you make it?, ce la fai?; Unfortunately I can't make it to Florence, purtroppo non ce la faccio a venire a Firenze □ (fam.) to make it big, avere un grande successo; sfondare davvero (fig.) □ (fam.) to make sb. 's day, fare di un giorno una data memorabile per q. □ to make it difficult for sb., rendere la vita difficile a q. □ (fam.) to make it (o things) hot for sb., rendere la vita difficile a q. □ (fam. USA) to make like st. (o sb.), imitare qc. (o q.); fare finta di essere qc. (o q.) □ to make little of, tenere in scarsa considerazione; trarre scarso vantaggio da □ to make sb. lose his balance, sbilanciare q. □ to make love ► love □ (arc.) to make merry, far festa; far baldoria □ (fig. fam.) to make mincemeat of sb., fare a pezzi (o distruggere) q. □ to make the most of st., trarre il massimo vantaggio da qc.; sfruttare al massimo qc.: He makes the most of the little he has, sfrutta al massimo quel poco che possiede; DIALOGO → - At the museum- We'll just have to make the most of it now we're here, dobbiamo godercelo il più possibile dal momento che siamo qui □ to make much of, tenere in gran conto; trarre grande vantaggio da □ to make no bones about doing st., non esitare (fam.: non fare una piega) a fare qc. □ to make no difference, non fare differenza, essere indifferente □ to make oneself (seguito da aggettivo, causativo) farsi; rendersi: to make oneself understood, farsi capire; Make yourself useful, renditi utile! □ to make oneself, fare per sé; farsi ( anche) mettersi; considerarsi: to make oneself a cup of tea, farsi una tazza di tè; Make yourself at home!, mettiti comodo!; fa come se fossi a casa tua! □ to make ready, preparare; approntare; prepararsi □ to make room (o place) for sb., far posto a q. □ (naut.) to make sail, far vela, salpare; ( anche) aumentare la velatura □ (comm.) to make a sale, fare una vendita □ to make sense, avere senso: These words don't make sense, queste parole non hanno senso; to make sense of st., capire q., cavare un significato da q.; Can you make sense of this article?, ci capisci qualcosa in questo articolo? □ to make sure, accertarsi, assicurarsi; fare in modo (di) □ (a bridge) to make a trick, fare una presa □ to make one's way, dirigersi, andare: to make one's way home, prendere la strada di casa □ to make way for sb., far largo a q. □ to make one's way in the world, farsi strada nel mondo; fare carriera □ ( boxe) to make the weight, fare il peso □ (prov.) Make hay while the sun shines, batti il ferro finché è caldo!
NOTA D'USO: - to make-
* * *
I [meɪk]
nome

1) (brand) marca f.

what make is your car? — che (modello di) macchina hai?

2) (type of manufacture) produzione f., fabbricazione f.

••

to be on the make — colloq. (for profit) badare al proprio interesse; (for sex) essere a caccia
II 1. [meɪk]
verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. made)

1) (create) fare [dress, cake, stain, hole, will, pact, film, sketch, noise]

to make a rule — stabilire una regola

wine is made from grapes — il vino si fa con l'uva

to make sb. sth. — fare qcs. a qcn.

to be made for sb. — essere fatto per qcn.

to make the time for sth. — trovare il tempo per qcs.

what is it made (out) of? — di che cosa è fatto?

it's made (out) of gold — è (fatto) d'oro

let's see what he's made of — vediamo di che pasta è fatto

to be as clever as they make them — essere il più furbo possibile

God made man — Dio creò l'uomo

to make the bed — fare il letto

2) (cause to be or become)

to make sb. happy — fare felice qcn.

to make sb. jealous — fare ingelosire qcn.

to make sb. popular — rendere qcn. popolare

to make sb. hungry — fare venire fame a qcn.

to make oneself available — rendersi disponibile

to make oneself understood — farsi capire

to make sth. better, worse — migliorare, peggiorare qcs.

to make passing exams easier to make it easier to pass exams facilitare il superamento degli esami; to make it possible to do — rendere possibile fare

3) (cause to do)

to make sb. cry, smile — fare piangere, sorridere qcn.

it makes me look fat — mi fa (sembrare) grasso

to make sth. happen — fare in modo che succeda qcs.

to make the story end happily — fare finire bene una storia

to make sth. work — fare funzionare qcs.

it makes her voice sound funny — le fa la voce strana

4) (force)

to make sb. do — obbligare qcn. a fare

they made me (do it) — me l'hanno fatto fare

to be made to do — essere costretto a fare

to make sb. talk — fare parlare qcn

5) (turn into)

to make sb. a star — fare di qcn. una star

we made him treasurer — l'abbiamo fatto o nominato tesoriere

to make a monster of sb. — fare di qcn. un mostro

it'll make a man of you — scherz. questo farà di te un uomo

he'll never make a teacher — non sarà mai un buon insegnante

to make sth. sth. to make sth. of sth. fare qcs. di qcs.; to make a habit of sth. fare di qcs. un'abitudine; to make too much of it farne una questione di stato; that will make a good shelter — potrà essere un buon riparo

6) (amount to)

three and three make six — tre più tre fa sei

how much does that make? — quanto fa?

that makes ten pounds altogether — in tutto fa dieci sterline

7) (earn) guadagnare, prendere [ salary]

to make Ј 300 a week — prendere 300 sterline alla settimana

to make a living — guadagnarsi da vivere

to make a profit — trarre profitti

to make a loss — subire delle perdite

8) (reach) arrivare a, raggiungere [place, ranking, level]; fare [speed, distance]

to make the six o'clock train — riuscire a prendere il treno delle sei

to make the charts — entrare in classifica

to make the front page of — essere sulla prima pagina di [ newspaper]

9) (estimate, say)

what time do you make it? — che ora sarà?

I make it five o'clock — saranno più o meno le 5

what do you make the distance (to be)? — quanto credi che sia distante?

I make it about 3 km — secondo me sono più o meno tre km

let's make it five dollars — facciamo cinque dollari

can we make it a bit later? — possiamo fare un po' più tardi?

what do you make of it? — che ne dici?

I can't make anything of it — non ci capisco niente

10) (cause success of) garantire il successo di [holiday, day]

a good wine can make a dinner — un buon vino può fare il successo di una cena

it really makes the room — [feature, colour] è proprio ciò che rende la stanza perfetta

it really made my day — mi ha davvero reso felice

to make or break sb., sth. — fare la fortuna o essere la rovina di qcn., qcs

11) el. chiudere [ circuit]

12) gioc. mischiare [ cards]

to make a trick — (win) vincere una mano
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. made)

to make as if to do — fare (l')atto di fare

she made as if to kiss him — fece per baciarlo

- make after

- make do

- make for

- make good

- make into

- make off

- make out

- make over

- make towards

- make up

••

to make it — colloq. (in career, life) farcela; (be on time) farcela (ad arrivare) in tempo

I'm afraid I can't make it — (to party, meeting) ho paura che non ce la farò (a venire)

English-Italian dictionary > make
9 dash

[dæʃ] 1. verb
1) (to move with speed and violence: A man dashed into a shop.) fare; styrte; storme

2) (to knock, throw etc violently, especially so as to break: He dashed the bottle to pieces against the wall.) slå; kyle

3) (to bring down suddenly and violently or to make very depressed: Our hopes were dashed.) tilintetgøre; knuse
2. noun
1) (a sudden rush or movement: The child made a dash for the door.) styrte hen til; løbe hen til

2) (a small amount of something, especially liquid: whisky with a dash of soda.) smule; stænk

3) ((in writing) a short line (-) to show a break in a sentence etc.) tankestreg

4) (energy and enthusiasm: All his activities showed the same dash and spirit.) fut; pep; go

•

- dashing
- dash off
* * *
[dæʃ] 1. verb
1) (to move with speed and violence: A man dashed into a shop.) fare; styrte; storme

2) (to knock, throw etc violently, especially so as to break: He dashed the bottle to pieces against the wall.) slå; kyle

3) (to bring down suddenly and violently or to make very depressed: Our hopes were dashed.) tilintetgøre; knuse
2. noun
1) (a sudden rush or movement: The child made a dash for the door.) styrte hen til; løbe hen til

2) (a small amount of something, especially liquid: whisky with a dash of soda.) smule; stænk

3) ((in writing) a short line (-) to show a break in a sentence etc.) tankestreg

4) (energy and enthusiasm: All his activities showed the same dash and spirit.) fut; pep; go

•

- dashing
- dash off

English-Danish dictionary > dash
10 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
11 dash

1. intransitive verb
(move quickly) sausen; (coll.): (hurry) sich eilen

dash down/up [the stairs] — [die Treppe] hinunter-/hinaufstürzen
2. transitive verb
1) (shatter)

dash something [to pieces] — etwas [in tausend Stücke] zerschlagen od. zerschmettern

2) (fling) schleudern; schmettern

3) (frustrate)

somebody's hopes are dashed — jemandes Hoffnungen haben sich zerschlagen
3. noun
1)

make a dash for something — zu etwas rasen (ugs.)

make a dash for shelter — rasch Schutz suchen

make a dash for freedom — plötzlich versuchen, wegzulaufen

2) (horizontal stroke) Gedankenstrich, der

3) (Morse signal) Strich, der

4) (small amount) Schuss, der

a dash of salt — eine Prise Salz

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/119798/dash_away">dash away

- dash off

* * *
[dæʃ] 1. verb
1) (to move with speed and violence: A man dashed into a shop.) stürzen

2) (to knock, throw etc violently, especially so as to break: He dashed the bottle to pieces against the wall.) schleudern

3) (to bring down suddenly and violently or to make very depressed: Our hopes were dashed.) vereiteln
2. noun
1) (a sudden rush or movement: The child made a dash for the door.) der Sprung

2) (a small amount of something, especially liquid: whisky with a dash of soda.) der Schuß

3) ((in writing) a short line (-) to show a break in a sentence etc.) der Gedankenstrich

4) (energy and enthusiasm: All his activities showed the same dash and spirit.) der Schwung

•

- dashing
- dash off
* * *

dash

[dæʃ]

I. n

<pl -es>

1. (rush) Hetze f, Hast nt

it was a mad \dash wir mussten uns total abhetzen fam

to make a \dash for the door/exit zur Tür/zum Ausgang stürzen

she made a \dash for it sie rannte, so schnell sie konnte

2. esp AM SPORT Kurzstreckenlauf m

3. (little bit) kleiner Zusatz, kleine Beimengung

a \dash of cinnamon/nutmeg/pepper eine Messerspitze Zimt/Muskat/Pfeffer

to add a \dash of colour to a dish einem Gericht einen Farbtupfer hinzufügen

a \dash of salt eine Prise Salz

a \dash of originality ein Hauch m von Originalität, eine gewisse Originalität

a \dash of rum ein Schuss m Rum

a \dash of yellow ein Stich m ins Gelbe, SCHWEIZ a. ein Gelbstich m

4. (punctuation) Gedankenstrich m

5. (flair) Schwung m, Elan m; (pluck) Schneid m

6. (morse signal) [Morse]strich m

dots and \dashes Morsezeichen pl

7. AUTO ( fam: dashboard) Armaturenbrett nt

II. interj BRIT ( dated)

\dash it! (bother!) verflixt!, Mist!

\dash it [all]! (expressing righteous indignation) ich muss doch sehr bitten!

III. vi

1. (hurry) stürmen, rasen fam

I've got to \dash ich muss mich sputen fam

we \dashed along the platform and just managed to catch the train wir rannten den Bahnsteig entlang und haben den Zug gerade noch erwischt

to \dash across the street/into the house über die Straße/ins Haus flitzen fam

to \dash out of the room aus dem Zimmer stürmen

▪ to \dash about [or around] herumrennen fam

▪ to \dash at sth sich akk auf etw akk stürzen

▪ to \dash off davonjagen, die Fliege machen fam

2. (strike forcefully) schmettern; waves also peitschen

IV. vt

1. (strike forcefully)

▪ to \dash sth [against sth] etw [gegen etw akk] schleudern [o schmettern]

he \dashed his hand against a rock er schlug sich die Hand an einem Felsen auf

to \dash sth to pieces etw zerschmettern [o in tausend Stücke schlagen

2. (destroy)

▪ to be \dashed zerstört [o vernichtet] werden

his spirits were \dashed by the ridicule of his classmates der Spott seiner Klassenkameraden hat ihn völlig geknickt

to \dash sb's hopes jds Hoffnungen zunichtemachen

* * *
[dʃ]
1. n

1) (= sudden rush) Jagd f

he made a dash for the door/across the road — er stürzte auf die Tür zu/über die Straße

she made a dash for it — sie rannte, so schnell sie konnte

to make a dash for freedom —

his dash for freedom was unsuccessful — sein Versuch, in die Freiheit zu entkommen, war vergeblich

it was a mad dash to the hospital — wir/sie etc eilten Hals über Kopf zum Krankenhaus

2) (= hurry) Hetze f

3) (= style, vigour) Schwung m, Elan m

to cut a dash — eine schneidige Figur machen

4)

(= small amount) a dash of — etwas, ein bisschen; (of vinegar, spirits) etwas, ein Schuss m; (of seasoning etc) etwas, eine Prise; (of lemon) ein Spritzer m

or color (US) — ein Farbtupfer m

a dash of mystery — etwas Geheimnisvolles

5) (TYP) Gedankenstrich m

6) (in morse) Strich m

7) (AUT) Armaturenbrett nt

2. vt

1) (= throw violently) schleudern

to dash sth to pieces — etw in tausend Stücke zerschlagen

he dashed his head on the floor when he fell —

the ship was dashed against the rocks — das Schiff wurde gegen die Klippen geschleudert

2) (= discourage) sb's hopes zunichtemachen

that dashed his spirits — das hat ihn völlig geknickt

3)

See:

= darn

3. vi

1) (= rush) sausen (inf)

to dash into/across a room — in ein Zimmer/quer durch ein Zimmer stürzen or stürmen

to dash away/back/up — fort-/zurück-/hinaufstürzen

2) (= knock, be hurled) schlagen; (waves) peitschen

4. interj

dash ( it)! (inf) — verflixt! (inf), (verflixter) Mist! (inf)

* * *

dash [dæʃ]

A v/t

1. schlagen, heftig stoßen, schmettern:

dash to pieces in Stücke schlagen, zerschlagen, zerschmettern

2. schleudern, schmeißen umg, schmettern, knallen umg:

dash to the ground

a) zu Boden schmettern oder schleudern,

b) fig jemandes Hoffnungen etc zunichtemachen

3. überschütten, begießen, an-, bespritzen

4. spritzen, klatschen, gießen, schütten:

dash water in sb’s face;

dash down ( oder off) ein Getränk hinunterstürzen

5. (ver)mischen ( with mit) (auch fig):

happiness dashed with bitterness

6. fig zerschlagen, zerstören, zunichtemachen:

dash sb’s hopes

7. niederdrücken, deprimieren

8. verwirren, aus der Fassung bringen

9. dash off ( oder down) einen Aufsatz, eine Zeichnung etc schnell hinwerfen oder umg hinhauen

10. etwas Ausgelassenes durch Gedankenstriche ersetzen oder kennzeichnen

11. → damn A 5

B v/i

1. stürmen, (sich) stürzen:

dash off davonjagen, -stürzen

2. (dahin-)stürmen, (-)jagen, (-)rasen

3. (heftig) aufschlagen, klatschen, prallen:

dash to pieces (in 100 Stücke) zerspringen ( against the stone floor auf dem Steinfußboden)

C s

1. Schlag m:

at one dash mit einem Schlag (a. fig)

2. Klatschen n, Prall(en) m(n), Aufschlag m

3. Schuss m, Zusatz m, Spritzer m:

wine with a dash of water Wein mit einem Schuss Wasser;

a dash of salt eine Prise Salz;

add a dash of colo(u)r to fig einen Farbtupfer aufsetzen (dat)

4. Anflug m (of von Traurigkeit etc)

5. Stich m ( of green ins Grüne)

6. a) (Feder)Strich m

b) (Gedanken)Strich m, Strich m für etwas Ausgelassenes

c) Telegrafie: (Morse)Strich m

7. MUS

a) Staccatokeil m

b) Generalbass: Erhöhungsstrich m

c) Plicastrich m (Ligatur)

8. (An)Sturm m, Vorstoß m, Sprung m, stürmischer Anlauf:

make a dash (at, for) (los)stürmen, sich stürzen (auf akk)

9. Schwung m, Schmiss m, Elan m

10. Eleganz f, glänzendes Auftreten:

cut a dash eine gute Figur abgeben, Aufsehen erregen

11. → dashboard

12. Leichtathletik: Sprint m, Kurzstreckenlauf m

D int besonders Br für damn D

* * *
1. intransitive verb
(move quickly) sausen; (coll.): (hurry) sich eilen

dash down/up [the stairs] — [die Treppe] hinunter-/hinaufstürzen
2. transitive verb
1) (shatter)

dash something [to pieces] — etwas [in tausend Stücke] zerschlagen od. zerschmettern

2) (fling) schleudern; schmettern

3) (frustrate)

somebody's hopes are dashed — jemandes Hoffnungen haben sich zerschlagen
3. noun
1)

make a dash for something — zu etwas rasen (ugs.)

make a dash for shelter — rasch Schutz suchen

make a dash for freedom — plötzlich versuchen, wegzulaufen

2) (horizontal stroke) Gedankenstrich, der

3) (Morse signal) Strich, der

4) (small amount) Schuss, der

a dash of salt — eine Prise Salz

Phrasal Verbs:

- dash away

- dash off

* * *

n.

Elan nur sing. m.

Gedankenstrich m.

Querstrich m. v.

rasen v.

schleudern v.

schmettern v.

English-german dictionary > dash
12 dash

I [dæʃ]
nome

1) (rush) balzo m., corsa f.

it has been a mad dash to do — abbiamo dovuto correre come matti per fare

to make a dash for it — darsela a gambe

to make a dash for the train — correre per prendere il treno

2) (small amount) (of liquid) goccio m.; (of pepper) pizzico m.; (of colour) tocco m.

3) (flair) brio m.

4) (punctuation mark) trattino m.

5) (in morse code) linea f.

6) aut. colloq. (dashboard) cruscotto m.

7) sport

the 100 yard dash — la corsa delle 100 iarde

••

to cut a dash — fare una bella figura o un figurone
II 1. [dæʃ]
verbo transitivo

1) (smash)

to dash sb., sth. against — sbattere qcn., qcs. contro

to dash sth. to the ground — scagliare qcs. per terra

2) fig. (crush) annientare [ hope]
2.
verbo intransitivo (hurry)

to dash out of, into — precipitarsi fuori da, in

I must dash! — devo proprio scappare!

- dash off

* * *
[dæʃ] 1. verb
1) (to move with speed and violence: A man dashed into a shop.) balzare

2) (to knock, throw etc violently, especially so as to break: He dashed the bottle to pieces against the wall.) sbattere, infrangere

3) (to bring down suddenly and violently or to make very depressed: Our hopes were dashed.) distruggere
2. noun
1) (a sudden rush or movement: The child made a dash for the door.) balzo

2) (a small amount of something, especially liquid: whisky with a dash of soda.) (un) po', goccio

3) ((in writing) a short line (-) to show a break in a sentence etc.) linea, lineetta

4) (energy and enthusiasm: All his activities showed the same dash and spirit.) slancio

•

- dashing
- dash off
* * *
I [dæʃ]
1. n

1)

(rush) to make a dash (at, towards) — lanciarsi (verso), scattare (verso)

he had to make a dash for it — ha dovuto fare una corsa

a dash to the hospital — una corsa all'ospedale

the 100-metre dash Am — i 100 metri piani

2) (small quantity: of liquid) goccio, goccino, (of seasoning) pizzico, (of colour) tocco

a dash of vinegar — un goccio d'aceto

3) (punctuation mark) lineetta, trattino, (Morse) linea

2. vt

1) (throw) scaraventare, gettare con violenza

to dash sth to pieces — mandare qc in frantumi

to dash one's head against sth — battere la testa contro qc

2) (fig: spirits) abbattere, (hopes) infrangere

all his hopes were dashed — tutte le sue speranze naufragarono

3. vi

1)

(smash: object, waves) to dash against — infrangersi su or contro

2) (rush) precipitarsi

everyone dashed to the window — tutti si sono precipitati alla finestra

I must dash fam — devo scappare

to dash away — scappare via

to dash in/out — entrare/uscire di corsa

to dash towards — precipitarsi verso

•

- dash off
II [dæʃ] vt
fam euph

See:

damn

* * *
dash /dæʃ/
n.

1 balzo, scatto: The prisoner made a dash for freedom, il prigioniero fece un balzo per evadere; (fam.) to make a dash for it, darsela a gambe

2 corsa, viaggio a tutta velocità: a 20 minute dash to the hospital, una corsa all'ospedale durata venti minuti; It was a mad dash to get everything ready in time, è stata una corsa folle per preparare tutto in tempo; a mercy dash to rescue the stranded hikers, una corsa disperata per salvare gli escursionisti bloccati

3 [u] goccio; punta ( anche fig.): a dash of milk [lemon juice], un goccio di latte [di succo di limone]; Add a dash of brandy, aggiungi un goccio di brandy; It is green with a dash of yellow, è verde con una punta di giallo; a dash of bitterness, una punta di amarezza; a dash of humour, un pizzico di umorismo

4 [u] (antiq.) foga; slancio: He was famous for his courage and dash, era famoso per il suo coraggio e il suo slancio

5 ( nel codice Morse) linea

6 (tipogr.) trattino, lineetta ( di separazione)

7 ( sport USA) corsa di sprint: the 100-metre dash, i 100 metri sprint

8 (fam.) ► dashboard

● to cut a dash, fare colpo; fare una bella figura □ to make a dash at, lanciarsi contro; precipitarsi su: The soldiers made a dash at the enemy, i soldati si sono lanciati contro il nemico.
(to) dash /dæʃ/
A v. t.

1 sbattere, scagliare: He dashed the tray to the floor, ha sbattuto il vassoio per terra; The storm dashed the ship against the rocks, la tempesta ha scagliato la nave contro gli scogli

2 (fig.) distruggere; infrangere: All my hopes were dashed, tutte le mie speranze sono state distrutte

3 gettare ( liquidi): He dashed cold water on his face, gli ha gettato dell'acqua fredda in faccia

4 sottolineare ( una parola, ecc.)

B v. i.

1 precipitarsi, correre: Ellie dashed into the room, Ellie si è precipitata nella stanza; He dashed out of the house, è uscito di corsa dalla casa; A dog dashed out and I couldn't avoid running him over, un cane è saltato fuori all'improvviso e non ho potuto evitare d'investirlo; I've been dashing around all day, è tutto il giorno che corro di qua e di là; to dash down [up] the stairs, precipitarsi giù [su] per le scale; to dash downstairs [upstairs], precipitarsi di sotto [di sopra]; to dash down the motorway, sfrecciare sull'autostrada

2 abbattersi, cozzare: The waves were dashing against the rocks, le onde cozzavano contro gli scogli; Breakers dashed on the shore, i frangenti si abbattevano sulla riva

● to dash st. to pieces, fare a pezzi (o fracassare) qc. □ to dash sb. 's brains out, fracassare la testa a q. □ (fam.) I've got to dash, devo proprio scappare □ ( slang eufem. antiq.) Dash it all!, accidenti!; maledizione!

* * *
I [dæʃ]
nome

1) (rush) balzo m., corsa f.

it has been a mad dash to do — abbiamo dovuto correre come matti per fare

to make a dash for it — darsela a gambe

to make a dash for the train — correre per prendere il treno

2) (small amount) (of liquid) goccio m.; (of pepper) pizzico m.; (of colour) tocco m.

3) (flair) brio m.

4) (punctuation mark) trattino m.

5) (in morse code) linea f.

6) aut. colloq. (dashboard) cruscotto m.

7) sport

the 100 yard dash — la corsa delle 100 iarde

••

to cut a dash — fare una bella figura o un figurone
II 1. [dæʃ]
verbo transitivo

1) (smash)

to dash sb., sth. against — sbattere qcn., qcs. contro

to dash sth. to the ground — scagliare qcs. per terra

2) fig. (crush) annientare [ hope]
2.
verbo intransitivo (hurry)

to dash out of, into — precipitarsi fuori da, in

I must dash! — devo proprio scappare!

- dash off

English-Italian dictionary > dash
13 Creativity

   1) All Human Complex Problem Solving Is Creativity

   Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Models of Creative Association

   Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the inﬂuence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)

   3) Creative Innovation and Social Independence

   There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)

   4) Ego Strength and Emotional Stability among Creative Geniuses

   he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)

   5) Its Mundane Character

   he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)

   6) Mozart's Musical Ideas Came to Him in Polished Form

   From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)

   7) Scientific Theories and Works of Art Alike Originate in Fantasy

   Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)

   8) Self- Esteem and Creative Expression

   The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)

   9) Stages in Creative Problem- Solving

   In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)

    10) The Bisociative Pattern of the Creative Synthesis

   he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)

    11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder

   Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)

    12) The Inner Life of the Creative Process

   New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)

    13) The Problem of What Impels the Creative Person

   [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....

   Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)

    14) Theories of Creative Thinking

   A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....

   Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
14 fast

I 1. intransitive verb
fasten

a day of fasting — ein Fast[en]tag
2. noun
(going without food) Fasten, das; (hunger strike) Hungerstreik, der

a 40-day fast — eine Fastenzeit von 40 Tagen
II 1. adjective
1) (fixed, attached) fest

the rope is fast — das Tau ist fest[gemacht]

make [the boat] fast — das Boot festmachen

hard and fast — fest; bindend, verbindlich [Regeln]

2) (not fading) farbecht [Stoff]; echt, beständig [Farbe]

3) (rapid) schnell

fast train — Schnellzug, der; D-Zug, der

fast speed — hohe Geschwindigkeit

he is a fast worker — (lit. or fig.) er arbeitet schnell; (in amorous activities) er geht mächtig ran (ugs.)

pull a fast one [on somebody] — (coll.) jemanden übers Ohr hauen od. reinlegen (ugs.)

4)

be fast [by ten minutes], be [ten minutes] fast — [Uhr:] [zehn Minuten] vorgehen
2. adverb
1) (lit. or fig.) fest

hold fast to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) festhalten; (fig.) an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

2) (soundly)

be fast asleep — fest schlafen; (when one should be awake) fest eingeschlafen sein

3) (quickly) schnell

not so fast! — nicht so hastig!

4)

play fast and loose with somebody — mit jemandem ein falsches od. doppeltes Spiel treiben

* * *
I 1. adjective
1) (quick-moving: a fast car.) schnell

2) (quick: a fast worker.) schnell

3) ((of a clock, watch etc) showing a time in advance of the correct time: My watch is five minutes fast.) vorgehen
2. adverb
(quickly: She speaks so fast I can't understand her.) schnell

- academic.ru/26562/fastness">fastness
- fast foods
- fast food II 1. verb
(to go without food, especially for religious or medical reasons: Muslims fast during the festival of Ramadan.) fasten
2. noun
(a time or act of fasting: She has just finished two days' fast.) das Fasten

- fasting
III adjective
1) ((of a dye) fixed; that will not come out of a fabric when it is washed.) (wasch-)echt

2) (firm; fixed: She made her end of the rope fast to a tree.) fest

•

- fast asleep

* * *

fast¹

[fɑ:st, AM fæst]

I. adj

1. (moving quickly) schnell

to be a \fast driver/runner schnell fahren/laufen

2. (performing quickly) schnell

to be a \fast reader/typist/worker schnell lesen/tippen/arbeiten

3. (short) schnell

4. attr (permitting speed) schnell

can you tell me the \fastest way to get from here to Gloucester? können Sie mir sagen, wie man von hier am schnellsten nach Gloucester kommt?

\fast train Schnellzug m, D-Zug m

5. PHOT

\fast film lichtempfindlicher Film

\fast shutter speed kurze Belichtungszeit

6. pred (ahead of time)

▪ to be \fast clock, watch vorgehen

7. pred, inv (firm)

▪ to be \fast fest sein

to make \fast [to sth] NAUT [an etw dat] anlegen

to make sth \fast [to sth] etw [an etw dat] festmachen

8. inv (permanent)

\fast colour [or AM color] waschechte Farbe

9. ( pej dated: bad) unmoralisch

\fast living flottes Leben, lockerer Lebenswandel

\fast woman leichtlebige Frau

10.

▶ to be a \fast worker ( fam) schnell arbeiten, ein Draufgänger/eine Draufgängerin sein fam; see also pull

II. adv

1. (at speed) schnell

it all happened so \fast es ging alles so schnell

not so \fast! nicht so schnell!

as \fast as one's legs would carry one so schnell seine Beine ihn trugen

to be \fast approaching sth rasch auf etw akk zugehen

the time is \fast approaching when... der Zeitpunkt rückt schnell näher, an dem...

2. (soon) schnell, bald

3. inv (firmly) fest

the glue had set and my hand was stuck \fast der Leim war getrocknet und meine Hand klebte fest

to cling on \fast to sth sich akk an etw dat festhalten

to stand \fast ausharren, standhalten

4. inv

to be/lie \fast asleep tief schlafen

5.

▶ to hold \fast to an idea/a principle an einer Idee/einem Prinzip festhalten

▶ to play \fast and loose with sb ( dated) mit jdm ein falsches Spiel treiben

▶ to play \fast and loose with sth ( dated) mit etw dat Schindluder treiben fam

fast²

[fɑ:st, AM fæst]

I. vi fasten

II. n Fastenzeit f

to break one's \fast das Fasten brechen

* * *
I [fAːst]
1. adj (+er)

1) (= quick) schnell

she's a fast runner/reader — sie kann schnell laufen/lesen

he's a fast worker (lit) — er arbeitet schnell; (fig) er geht mächtig ran (inf)

to pull a fast one (on sb) (inf) — jdn übers Ohr hauen (inf)

the fast life — das hektische Leben

fast train (Brit) — D-Zug m

2)

to be fast (clock, watch) — vorgehen

to be five minutes fast — fünf Minuten vorgehen

3) tennis court, squash ball etc schnell

4) (PHOT) film hochempfindlich; lens lichtstark

5) (fig: immoral) behaviour, person locker, flott, ausschweifend (pej)

fast woman — leichtlebige Frau

2. adv

1) schnell

2) (fig)

to live fast — flott or locker leben

3) (old)

to follow fast on sth — dicht auf etw (acc) folgen
II
1. adj

1) (= firm, secure) fest

to make a boat fast — ein Boot festmachen

2) colour, dye farbecht

3) (= staunch) friend gut

2. adv

1) (= firmly, securely) fest

to stick fast — festsitzen; (with glue) festkleben

to stand fast — standhaft or fest bleiben

to stand fast by sb — (treu) zu jdm stehen

to stand fast by sth — an etw (dat) festhalten

to hold fast to sth — an etw (dat) festhalten

to play fast and loose with sb — mit jdm ein falsches or doppeltes Spiel treiben

2)

(= soundly) to be fast asleep — tief or fest schlafen
III
1. vi
(= not eat) fasten
2. n
Fasten nt; (= period of fasting) Fastenzeit f
fast day — Fasttag m

to break one's fast — das Fasten brechen

* * *

fast¹ [fɑːst; US fæst]

A adj

1. schnell, geschwind, rasch:

a fast car ein schneller Wagen;

fast forward schneller Vorlauf (eines Videorekorders etc);

fast train Schnell-, D-Zug m;

pull a fast one on sb umg jemanden reinlegen oder übers Ohr hauen;

my watch is (ten minutes) fast meine Uhr geht (10 Minuten) vor;

fast worker umg Draufgänger m (bei Frauen);

he’s a fast worker

a) er arbeitet schnell,

b) umg er geht scharf ran (bei Frauen); → draw A 1

2. → fast-moving

3. schnell (hohe Geschwindigkeit gestattend):

fast road;

fast tennis court

4. fig flott, leichtlebig: → liver²

5. FOTO

a) hochempfindlich (Film)

b) lichtstark (Objektiv)

B adv

1. schnell, geschwind, rasch

2. zu schnell:

run fast vorgehen (Uhr)

3. live fast ein flottes Leben führen

4. obs oder poet nahe:

fast by ( oder beside) (ganz) nahe bei;

follow fast upon dicht folgen auf (akk)

fast² [fɑːst; US fæst]

A adj

1. fest, befestigt, sicher, festgemacht, unbeweglich:

make fast festmachen, befestigen, eine Tür verschließen

2. fest (Griff, Knoten etc):

fast sleep fester oder tiefer Schlaf;

take fast hold of fest packen

3. fig fest (Freundschaft etc):

fast friends unzertrennliche oder treue Freunde

4. (to) widerstandsfähig (gegen), beständig (gegen[über]):

fast colo(u)r (wasch)echte Farbe;

fast to light lichtecht

B adv

1. fest:

hold fast festhalten;

hold fast to fig festhalten an (dat);

be fast asleep fest oder tief schlafen;

play fast and loose fig Schindluder treiben umg ( with mit);

stuck fast

a) fest eingeklemmt,

b) festgefahren

2. stark:

it’s raining fast

fast³ [fɑːst; US fæst] besonders REL

A v/i fasten

B s

1. Fasten n. break one’s fast das Fasten brechen

2. a) Fastenzeit f

b) auch fast day Fast(en)tag m

* * *
I 1. intransitive verb
fasten

a day of fasting — ein Fast[en]tag
2. noun
(going without food) Fasten, das; (hunger strike) Hungerstreik, der

a 40-day fast — eine Fastenzeit von 40 Tagen
II 1. adjective
1) (fixed, attached) fest

the rope is fast — das Tau ist fest[gemacht]

make [the boat] fast — das Boot festmachen

hard and fast — fest; bindend, verbindlich [Regeln]

2) (not fading) farbecht [Stoff]; echt, beständig [Farbe]

3) (rapid) schnell

fast train — Schnellzug, der; D-Zug, der

fast speed — hohe Geschwindigkeit

he is a fast worker — (lit. or fig.) er arbeitet schnell; (in amorous activities) er geht mächtig ran (ugs.)

pull a fast one [on somebody] — (coll.) jemanden übers Ohr hauen od. reinlegen (ugs.)

4)

be fast [by ten minutes], be [ten minutes] fast — [Uhr:] [zehn Minuten] vorgehen
2. adverb
1) (lit. or fig.) fest

hold fast to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) festhalten; (fig.) an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

2) (soundly)

be fast asleep — fest schlafen; (when one should be awake) fest eingeschlafen sein

3) (quickly) schnell

not so fast! — nicht so hastig!

4)

play fast and loose with somebody — mit jemandem ein falsches od. doppeltes Spiel treiben

* * *

adj.

fest adj.

schnell adj.

tüchtig adj. adv.

schnell adv.

English-german dictionary > fast
15 World War II

(1939-1945)

   In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.

   In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.

   To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.

   The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.

   Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.

   Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.

   Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.

   Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.

   The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.

   The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.

   Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.

   In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.

   Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II
16 CM

1) Общая лексика: Crisis Manager (SEIC), central meridian

2) Компьютерная техника: Computer Modeled, Contextual Menus

3) Биология: carboxymethyl

4) Авиация: Conversion Manual, call maintenance, collective modification, crew member

5) Медицина: cochlear micriphonics (микрофонный эффект улитки)

6) Американизм: Consequence Management

7) Военный термин: Canada Medal, Chairman's Memorandum, Changes Made, Chemical, Collection Management Division, Collection Manager, Colonial Marines, Combat Magic, Communication Management, Conceptual Model, Council Memorandum, Counter-mobility, Countermine Activities, Memorandum by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, career management, career motivation, center of mass, certificate of merit, chemical munitions, chief of maintenance, class of material, classified message, code message, collection management, combat materiel, command message, commander's manual, communications module, complementary manual, condition monitoring, confidential memorandum, continuous monitoring, contract management, contract modification, controlled minefield, corrective maintenance, cost model, countermeasures, countermortar, court martial, crewman, cruise missile, Countermeasure (s)

8) Техника: Curtail M, camera module, coarse mixing, code modulation, color monitor, common memory, common-mode signal, communications memory, communications multiplexer, comparator, computer-manual, concentrating mirror, constant-mesh, contact mask, coolant melt, coolant mixing, core melt, radioelectronic countermeasures

9) Сельское хозяйство: combustible matter

10) Шутливое выражение: Condescension Man

11) Химия: Cementitious Materials, Customized Microscopy

12) Математика: Championship Manager, поправка на среднее значение (correction for mean), содержательная модель (conceptual model)

13) Железнодорожный термин: Central Montana Rail Incorporated

14) Юридический термин: Case Management, Colored Male

15) Бухгалтерия: Compounding Method, Contribution Margin, маржинальная прибыль (стоимость продаж минус переменные затраты)

16) Грубое выражение: Chick Magnet

17) Дипломатический термин: (cruise missile) крылатая ракета

18) Металлургия: country of melt

19) Политика: Cameroon

20) Телекоммуникации: Connection Manager, Communications Module (AT&T 5ESS)

21) Сокращение: Certified Master, Cluster Munition, Common Market, Competent Munitions, Congregation of the Mission, Corresponding Member, CounterMine, Countermeasure, Court-Martial, circuit master, see C-M P&, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft), (type abbreviation) Corvette (Peruvian Navy; guided missile), Coal Measures, Colour Monitor, Communications, Compartmented Mode, Cost of Mission, cellular manufacturing

22) Физиология: Cyclical Menses

23) Шахматы: CheckMate

24) Электроника: Cassette Module, Common Mode, Cross Modulation

25) Вычислительная техника: . command mode, central module, computer module, control mark, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft, Space), Configuration Manager (BIOS, PNP), Compatibility Mode (PARISC, NM), Connection Management (RR, MM, GSM, Mobile-Systems), модуль связи, мультиплексор каналов связи, память на магнитных сердечниках, центральный модуль

26) Нефть: molar concentration, внеплановое техническое обслуживание (corrective maintenance)

27) Иммунология: Clinical Modification, Clinical Modifications

28) Биохимия: Quinacrine Mustard

29) Онкология: Centimeter - 0.01 Meters

30) Космонавтика: Command Module

31) Картография: catholic mission

32) Банковское дело: collusive merchant, Capital Market (IB&CM - Investment Banking and Capital Market)

33) Фирменный знак: Cambridge Thermionics, Canyon Medical

34) СМИ: Commercial Message, Contact Management

35) Деловая лексика: Chosen Multiplier, антикризисный управляющий

36) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: cubic meter

37) Образование: Common Man

38) Сетевые технологии: Cable Modem, Connection Management, Content Management, cache-movable, command mode, communication module, communication multiplexer, communication multiplexing, configuration management, contact manager, control module, core memory

39) Полимеры: compression molding, compression-molded

40) Автоматика: coolant management

41) Контроль качества: correction for mean

42) Пластмассы: Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber

43) Сахалин Р: construction Management

44) Океанография: Current Meter

45) Химическое оружие: chemical matters

46) Безопасность: Cryptological Mathematics

47) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (8bit, Unix Puzzle), Data (CraftMan)

48) Нефть и газ: УКС, управляющий кризисными ситуациями

49) Электротехника: cyclically magnetized

50) США: Central Michigan

51) Имена и фамилии: Charles Mack, Chris Miller

52) Должность: Case Manager, Cast Member, Certified Manager, Chief Minister, Chill Master, Construction Manager

53) Чат: Chat Maniac, Chat Monitor

54) NYSE. Coles Myer, LTD.

55) НАСА: Command Module (Apollo)

56) Программное обеспечение: Cache Manager, Compilation Manager

57) Единицы измерений: Circular Mils, Curly Maple

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CM
17 Cm

1) Общая лексика: Crisis Manager (SEIC), central meridian

2) Компьютерная техника: Computer Modeled, Contextual Menus

3) Биология: carboxymethyl

4) Авиация: Conversion Manual, call maintenance, collective modification, crew member

5) Медицина: cochlear micriphonics (микрофонный эффект улитки)

6) Американизм: Consequence Management

7) Военный термин: Canada Medal, Chairman's Memorandum, Changes Made, Chemical, Collection Management Division, Collection Manager, Colonial Marines, Combat Magic, Communication Management, Conceptual Model, Council Memorandum, Counter-mobility, Countermine Activities, Memorandum by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, career management, career motivation, center of mass, certificate of merit, chemical munitions, chief of maintenance, class of material, classified message, code message, collection management, combat materiel, command message, commander's manual, communications module, complementary manual, condition monitoring, confidential memorandum, continuous monitoring, contract management, contract modification, controlled minefield, corrective maintenance, cost model, countermeasures, countermortar, court martial, crewman, cruise missile, Countermeasure (s)

8) Техника: Curtail M, camera module, coarse mixing, code modulation, color monitor, common memory, common-mode signal, communications memory, communications multiplexer, comparator, computer-manual, concentrating mirror, constant-mesh, contact mask, coolant melt, coolant mixing, core melt, radioelectronic countermeasures

9) Сельское хозяйство: combustible matter

10) Шутливое выражение: Condescension Man

11) Химия: Cementitious Materials, Customized Microscopy

12) Математика: Championship Manager, поправка на среднее значение (correction for mean), содержательная модель (conceptual model)

13) Железнодорожный термин: Central Montana Rail Incorporated

14) Юридический термин: Case Management, Colored Male

15) Бухгалтерия: Compounding Method, Contribution Margin, маржинальная прибыль (стоимость продаж минус переменные затраты)

16) Грубое выражение: Chick Magnet

17) Дипломатический термин: (cruise missile) крылатая ракета

18) Металлургия: country of melt

19) Политика: Cameroon

20) Телекоммуникации: Connection Manager, Communications Module (AT&T 5ESS)

21) Сокращение: Certified Master, Cluster Munition, Common Market, Competent Munitions, Congregation of the Mission, Corresponding Member, CounterMine, Countermeasure, Court-Martial, circuit master, see C-M P&, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft), (type abbreviation) Corvette (Peruvian Navy; guided missile), Coal Measures, Colour Monitor, Communications, Compartmented Mode, Cost of Mission, cellular manufacturing

22) Физиология: Cyclical Menses

23) Шахматы: CheckMate

24) Электроника: Cassette Module, Common Mode, Cross Modulation

25) Вычислительная техника: . command mode, central module, computer module, control mark, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft, Space), Configuration Manager (BIOS, PNP), Compatibility Mode (PARISC, NM), Connection Management (RR, MM, GSM, Mobile-Systems), модуль связи, мультиплексор каналов связи, память на магнитных сердечниках, центральный модуль

26) Нефть: molar concentration, внеплановое техническое обслуживание (corrective maintenance)

27) Иммунология: Clinical Modification, Clinical Modifications

28) Биохимия: Quinacrine Mustard

29) Онкология: Centimeter - 0.01 Meters

30) Космонавтика: Command Module

31) Картография: catholic mission

32) Банковское дело: collusive merchant, Capital Market (IB&CM - Investment Banking and Capital Market)

33) Фирменный знак: Cambridge Thermionics, Canyon Medical

34) СМИ: Commercial Message, Contact Management

35) Деловая лексика: Chosen Multiplier, антикризисный управляющий

36) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: cubic meter

37) Образование: Common Man

38) Сетевые технологии: Cable Modem, Connection Management, Content Management, cache-movable, command mode, communication module, communication multiplexer, communication multiplexing, configuration management, contact manager, control module, core memory

39) Полимеры: compression molding, compression-molded

40) Автоматика: coolant management

41) Контроль качества: correction for mean

42) Пластмассы: Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber

43) Сахалин Р: construction Management

44) Океанография: Current Meter

45) Химическое оружие: chemical matters

46) Безопасность: Cryptological Mathematics

47) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (8bit, Unix Puzzle), Data (CraftMan)

48) Нефть и газ: УКС, управляющий кризисными ситуациями

49) Электротехника: cyclically magnetized

50) США: Central Michigan

51) Имена и фамилии: Charles Mack, Chris Miller

52) Должность: Case Manager, Cast Member, Certified Manager, Chief Minister, Chill Master, Construction Manager

53) Чат: Chat Maniac, Chat Monitor

54) NYSE. Coles Myer, LTD.

55) НАСА: Command Module (Apollo)

56) Программное обеспечение: Cache Manager, Compilation Manager

57) Единицы измерений: Circular Mils, Curly Maple

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Cm
18 cM

1) Общая лексика: Crisis Manager (SEIC), central meridian

2) Компьютерная техника: Computer Modeled, Contextual Menus

3) Биология: carboxymethyl

4) Авиация: Conversion Manual, call maintenance, collective modification, crew member

5) Медицина: cochlear micriphonics (микрофонный эффект улитки)

6) Американизм: Consequence Management

7) Военный термин: Canada Medal, Chairman's Memorandum, Changes Made, Chemical, Collection Management Division, Collection Manager, Colonial Marines, Combat Magic, Communication Management, Conceptual Model, Council Memorandum, Counter-mobility, Countermine Activities, Memorandum by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, career management, career motivation, center of mass, certificate of merit, chemical munitions, chief of maintenance, class of material, classified message, code message, collection management, combat materiel, command message, commander's manual, communications module, complementary manual, condition monitoring, confidential memorandum, continuous monitoring, contract management, contract modification, controlled minefield, corrective maintenance, cost model, countermeasures, countermortar, court martial, crewman, cruise missile, Countermeasure (s)

8) Техника: Curtail M, camera module, coarse mixing, code modulation, color monitor, common memory, common-mode signal, communications memory, communications multiplexer, comparator, computer-manual, concentrating mirror, constant-mesh, contact mask, coolant melt, coolant mixing, core melt, radioelectronic countermeasures

9) Сельское хозяйство: combustible matter

10) Шутливое выражение: Condescension Man

11) Химия: Cementitious Materials, Customized Microscopy

12) Математика: Championship Manager, поправка на среднее значение (correction for mean), содержательная модель (conceptual model)

13) Железнодорожный термин: Central Montana Rail Incorporated

14) Юридический термин: Case Management, Colored Male

15) Бухгалтерия: Compounding Method, Contribution Margin, маржинальная прибыль (стоимость продаж минус переменные затраты)

16) Грубое выражение: Chick Magnet

17) Дипломатический термин: (cruise missile) крылатая ракета

18) Металлургия: country of melt

19) Политика: Cameroon

20) Телекоммуникации: Connection Manager, Communications Module (AT&T 5ESS)

21) Сокращение: Certified Master, Cluster Munition, Common Market, Competent Munitions, Congregation of the Mission, Corresponding Member, CounterMine, Countermeasure, Court-Martial, circuit master, see C-M P&, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft), (type abbreviation) Corvette (Peruvian Navy; guided missile), Coal Measures, Colour Monitor, Communications, Compartmented Mode, Cost of Mission, cellular manufacturing

22) Физиология: Cyclical Menses

23) Шахматы: CheckMate

24) Электроника: Cassette Module, Common Mode, Cross Modulation

25) Вычислительная техника: . command mode, central module, computer module, control mark, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft, Space), Configuration Manager (BIOS, PNP), Compatibility Mode (PARISC, NM), Connection Management (RR, MM, GSM, Mobile-Systems), модуль связи, мультиплексор каналов связи, память на магнитных сердечниках, центральный модуль

26) Нефть: molar concentration, внеплановое техническое обслуживание (corrective maintenance)

27) Иммунология: Clinical Modification, Clinical Modifications

28) Биохимия: Quinacrine Mustard

29) Онкология: Centimeter - 0.01 Meters

30) Космонавтика: Command Module

31) Картография: catholic mission

32) Банковское дело: collusive merchant, Capital Market (IB&CM - Investment Banking and Capital Market)

33) Фирменный знак: Cambridge Thermionics, Canyon Medical

34) СМИ: Commercial Message, Contact Management

35) Деловая лексика: Chosen Multiplier, антикризисный управляющий

36) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: cubic meter

37) Образование: Common Man

38) Сетевые технологии: Cable Modem, Connection Management, Content Management, cache-movable, command mode, communication module, communication multiplexer, communication multiplexing, configuration management, contact manager, control module, core memory

39) Полимеры: compression molding, compression-molded

40) Автоматика: coolant management

41) Контроль качества: correction for mean

42) Пластмассы: Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber

43) Сахалин Р: construction Management

44) Океанография: Current Meter

45) Химическое оружие: chemical matters

46) Безопасность: Cryptological Mathematics

47) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (8bit, Unix Puzzle), Data (CraftMan)

48) Нефть и газ: УКС, управляющий кризисными ситуациями

49) Электротехника: cyclically magnetized

50) США: Central Michigan

51) Имена и фамилии: Charles Mack, Chris Miller

52) Должность: Case Manager, Cast Member, Certified Manager, Chief Minister, Chill Master, Construction Manager

53) Чат: Chat Maniac, Chat Monitor

54) NYSE. Coles Myer, LTD.

55) НАСА: Command Module (Apollo)

56) Программное обеспечение: Cache Manager, Compilation Manager

57) Единицы измерений: Circular Mils, Curly Maple

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cM
19 cm

1) Общая лексика: Crisis Manager (SEIC), central meridian

2) Компьютерная техника: Computer Modeled, Contextual Menus

3) Биология: carboxymethyl

4) Авиация: Conversion Manual, call maintenance, collective modification, crew member

5) Медицина: cochlear micriphonics (микрофонный эффект улитки)

6) Американизм: Consequence Management

7) Военный термин: Canada Medal, Chairman's Memorandum, Changes Made, Chemical, Collection Management Division, Collection Manager, Colonial Marines, Combat Magic, Communication Management, Conceptual Model, Council Memorandum, Counter-mobility, Countermine Activities, Memorandum by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, career management, career motivation, center of mass, certificate of merit, chemical munitions, chief of maintenance, class of material, classified message, code message, collection management, combat materiel, command message, commander's manual, communications module, complementary manual, condition monitoring, confidential memorandum, continuous monitoring, contract management, contract modification, controlled minefield, corrective maintenance, cost model, countermeasures, countermortar, court martial, crewman, cruise missile, Countermeasure (s)

8) Техника: Curtail M, camera module, coarse mixing, code modulation, color monitor, common memory, common-mode signal, communications memory, communications multiplexer, comparator, computer-manual, concentrating mirror, constant-mesh, contact mask, coolant melt, coolant mixing, core melt, radioelectronic countermeasures

9) Сельское хозяйство: combustible matter

10) Шутливое выражение: Condescension Man

11) Химия: Cementitious Materials, Customized Microscopy

12) Математика: Championship Manager, поправка на среднее значение (correction for mean), содержательная модель (conceptual model)

13) Железнодорожный термин: Central Montana Rail Incorporated

14) Юридический термин: Case Management, Colored Male

15) Бухгалтерия: Compounding Method, Contribution Margin, маржинальная прибыль (стоимость продаж минус переменные затраты)

16) Грубое выражение: Chick Magnet

17) Дипломатический термин: (cruise missile) крылатая ракета

18) Металлургия: country of melt

19) Политика: Cameroon

20) Телекоммуникации: Connection Manager, Communications Module (AT&T 5ESS)

21) Сокращение: Certified Master, Cluster Munition, Common Market, Competent Munitions, Congregation of the Mission, Corresponding Member, CounterMine, Countermeasure, Court-Martial, circuit master, see C-M P&, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft), (type abbreviation) Corvette (Peruvian Navy; guided missile), Coal Measures, Colour Monitor, Communications, Compartmented Mode, Cost of Mission, cellular manufacturing

22) Физиология: Cyclical Menses

23) Шахматы: CheckMate

24) Электроника: Cassette Module, Common Mode, Cross Modulation

25) Вычислительная техника: . command mode, central module, computer module, control mark, Command Module (Apollo spacecraft, Space), Configuration Manager (BIOS, PNP), Compatibility Mode (PARISC, NM), Connection Management (RR, MM, GSM, Mobile-Systems), модуль связи, мультиплексор каналов связи, память на магнитных сердечниках, центральный модуль

26) Нефть: molar concentration, внеплановое техническое обслуживание (corrective maintenance)

27) Иммунология: Clinical Modification, Clinical Modifications

28) Биохимия: Quinacrine Mustard

29) Онкология: Centimeter - 0.01 Meters

30) Космонавтика: Command Module

31) Картография: catholic mission

32) Банковское дело: collusive merchant, Capital Market (IB&CM - Investment Banking and Capital Market)

33) Фирменный знак: Cambridge Thermionics, Canyon Medical

34) СМИ: Commercial Message, Contact Management

35) Деловая лексика: Chosen Multiplier, антикризисный управляющий

36) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: cubic meter

37) Образование: Common Man

38) Сетевые технологии: Cable Modem, Connection Management, Content Management, cache-movable, command mode, communication module, communication multiplexer, communication multiplexing, configuration management, contact manager, control module, core memory

39) Полимеры: compression molding, compression-molded

40) Автоматика: coolant management

41) Контроль качества: correction for mean

42) Пластмассы: Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber

43) Сахалин Р: construction Management

44) Океанография: Current Meter

45) Химическое оружие: chemical matters

46) Безопасность: Cryptological Mathematics

47) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (8bit, Unix Puzzle), Data (CraftMan)

48) Нефть и газ: УКС, управляющий кризисными ситуациями

49) Электротехника: cyclically magnetized

50) США: Central Michigan

51) Имена и фамилии: Charles Mack, Chris Miller

52) Должность: Case Manager, Cast Member, Certified Manager, Chief Minister, Chill Master, Construction Manager

53) Чат: Chat Maniac, Chat Monitor

54) NYSE. Coles Myer, LTD.

55) НАСА: Command Module (Apollo)

56) Программное обеспечение: Cache Manager, Compilation Manager

57) Единицы измерений: Circular Mils, Curly Maple

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cm
20 dash

dæʃ
1. verb
1) (to move with speed and violence: A man dashed into a shop.) correr

2) (to knock, throw etc violently, especially so as to break: He dashed the bottle to pieces against the wall.) lanzar, arrojar

3) (to bring down suddenly and violently or to make very depressed: Our hopes were dashed.) frustrar

2. noun
1) (a sudden rush or movement: The child made a dash for the door.) carrera

2) (a small amount of something, especially liquid: whisky with a dash of soda.) poco, poquito

3) ((in writing) a short line (-) to show a break in a sentence etc.) raya, guión

4) (energy and enthusiasm: All his activities showed the same dash and spirit.) viveza

•

- dashing
- dash off

dash¹ n guión

the dash is used in punctuation el guión se utiliza en la puntuación

El plural de dash se escribe dashes

dash² vb ir deprisa

he dashed to the police station se fue corriendo a la comisaría

dash

tr[dæʃ]

interjection dash it!

1 ¡mecachis!

————————

dash

tr[dæʃ]

noun

1 (sudden run) carrera

2 SMALLSPORT/SMALL carrera, sprint nombre masculino

3 (small amount) poco, poquito; (of salt, spice, etc) pizca; (of liquid) chorrito, chorrillo, gota

4 (horizontal mark) raya; (hyphen) guión nombre masculino; (in Morse code) raya

5 (style, panache) elegancia, garbo, salero; (energy, vitality) brío, dinamismo

6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (dashboard) salpicadero

transitive verb

1 (hit) lanzar, arrojar; (smash) romper, estrellar

■ he dashed the vase to pieces hizo el florero añicos

2 (hopes) truncar

■ our hopes of peace were dashed nuestras esperanzas de conseguir la paz se truncaron

intransitive verb

1 (rush) correr

■ everyone dashed to the window todo el mundo corrió hacia la ventana

■ I've been dashing around all day llevo todo el día corriendo de un lado a otro

■ I must dash me voy pitando

2 (waves) romper

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to cut a dash causar sensación, llamar la atención

to make a dash for something precipitarse hacia algo

dash ['dæʃ] vt

1) smash: romper, estrellar

2) hurl: arrojar, lanzar

3) splash: salpicar

4) frustrate: frustrar

5)

to dash off : hacer (algo) rápidamente

dash vi

1) smash: romperse, estrellarse

2) dart: lanzarse, irse apresuradamente

dash n

1) burst, splash: arranque m, salpicadura f (de aguas)

2) : guión m largo (signo de puntuación)

3) drop: gota f, pizca f

4) verve: brío m

5) race: carrera f

a 100-meter dash: una carrera de 100 metros

6)

to make a dash for it : precipitarse (hacia), echarse a correr

7) dashboard

dash (Of color)

n.

• apretón s.m.

n.

• fogosidad s.f.

• guión s.m.

• lucimiento s.m.

• pizca s.f.

• raya s.f.

• sabor s.m.

v.

• batir v.

• estrellar v.

• lanzar v.

• romper v.

• salpicar v.

dæʃ
I

noun

1) ( sudden movement) (no pl)

to make a dash for safety/shelter — correrse a ponerse a salvo/a cobijarse

to make a dash for it — (colloq) salir* a toda mecha (fam)

2) c ( small amount) poquito m

a dash of milk/salt — un chorrito de leche/una pizca de sal

3) c

a) ( punctuation mark) guión m

b) ( in Morse code) raya f

4) u (spirit, nerve) brío m

5) c ( Sport)

the 100 m dash — los 100m planos or (Esp) lisos or (RPl) llanos

II
1.

transitive verb

1) ( hurl) tirar

she dashed the plate to pieces — hizo añicos or trizas el plato

the ship was dashed against the rocks — el barco se estrelló contra las rocas

2) ( disappoint) \<\<hopes\>\> (usu pass) defraudar

2.

vi

1) ( rush)

I dashed to the rescue — me lancé al rescate

she dashed out — salió disparada

I must dash — (colloq) tengo que irme corriendo

2) ( crash) \<\<waves\>\> romper*

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- dash off

[dæʃ]
1. N

1) (=small quantity) [of liquid] gota f, chorrito m ; [of salt, pepper] pizca f ; [of colour] toque m

with a dash of soda — con una gota or un chorrito de sifón

2) (=punctuation mark) (also Morse) raya f

3) (=rush) carrera f

there was a mad dash for the exit — todos se precipitaron hacia la salida

to make a dash at or towards — precipitarse hacia

we had to make a dash for it — tuvimos que salir corriendo

4) (US)
(Sport)
the 100-meter dash — los 100 metros lisos

5) (=flair, style) brío m

- cut a dash

6) (Aut) = dashboard

2. VT

1) (=throw)

to dash sth to the ground — tirar or arrojar algo al suelo

to dash sth to pieces — hacer añicos algo, estrellar algo

to dash one's head against sth — dar con la cabeza contra algo

2) (fig) [+ hopes] frustrar, defraudar

to dash sb's spirits — desanimar a algn

3. VI

1) (=smash) estrellarse

the waves are dashing against the rock — las olas rompen contra la roca

2) (=rush) ir de prisa, precipitarse

to dash away/back — salir/volver corriendo

to dash in/out — entrar/salir disparado

to dash past — pasar como un rayo

to dash up — [person] llegar corriendo; [car] llegar a toda velocidad

I must dash * — me voy corriendo

4.

EXCL

dash it (all)! — † * ¡demontre! *, ¡porras! *

- dash off

* * *
[dæʃ]
I

noun

1) ( sudden movement) (no pl)

to make a dash for safety/shelter — correrse a ponerse a salvo/a cobijarse

to make a dash for it — (colloq) salir* a toda mecha (fam)

2) c ( small amount) poquito m

a dash of milk/salt — un chorrito de leche/una pizca de sal

3) c

a) ( punctuation mark) guión m

b) ( in Morse code) raya f

4) u (spirit, nerve) brío m

5) c ( Sport)

the 100 m dash — los 100m planos or (Esp) lisos or (RPl) llanos

II
1.

transitive verb

1) ( hurl) tirar

she dashed the plate to pieces — hizo añicos or trizas el plato

the ship was dashed against the rocks — el barco se estrelló contra las rocas

2) ( disappoint) \<\<hopes\>\> (usu pass) defraudar

2.

vi

1) ( rush)

I dashed to the rescue — me lancé al rescate

she dashed out — salió disparada

I must dash — (colloq) tengo que irme corriendo

2) ( crash) \<\<waves\>\> romper*

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- dash off

English-spanish dictionary > dash

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